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malonyl-Coenzyme A |
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CO2 |
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fatty acyl-Coenzyme A (=C18) |
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very long-chain β-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A |
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Locus Data & Links (May need to scroll right or left to show columns)
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KCS1
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Endomembrane
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Mutant Char.; Heterol Exp'n.
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4 Refs
Todd, J., Post?Beittenmiller, D., and Jaworski, J.G. (2002). KCS1encodes a fatty acid elongase 3?ketoacyl?CoA synthase affecting wax biosynthesis inArabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Journal 17 , 119-130.Todd, J., Post-Beittenmiller, D., and Jaworski, J.G. (1999). KCS1 encodes a fatty acid elongase 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase affecting wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 17 , 119-130.Trenkamp, S., Martin, W., and Tietjen, K. (2004). Specific and differential inhibition of very-long-chain fatty acid elongases from Arabidopsis thaliana by different herbicides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 , 11903-11908.Blacklock, B.J., and Jaworski, J.G. (2006). Substrate specificity of Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 346 , 583-590.
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Chainlength specific reduction in waxes; increase in esterified diacids in roots; recombinant protein can act in elongation complexes producing C18-C22 fatty acids
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Data
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KCS2 / DAISY
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Endomembrane
Endomembrane (GFP)
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Mutant Char.; Heterol Exp'n.; Comple. of yeast mutant
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9 Refs
Lee, S.B., Jung, S.J., Go, Y.S., Kim, H.U., Kim, J.K., Cho, H.J., Park, O.K., and Suh, M.C. (2009). Two Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl CoA synthase genes, KCS20 and KCS2/DAISY, are functionally redundant in cuticular wax and root suberin biosynthesis, but differentially controlled by osmotic stress. Plant Journal 60 ,462-475.Blacklock, B.J., and Jaworski, J.G. (2006). Substrate specificity of Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 346 , 583-590.Serra, O., Soler, M., Hohn, C., Franke, R., Schreiber, L., Prat, S., Molinas, M., and Figueras, M. (2009). Silencing of StKCS6 in potato periderm leads to reduced chain lengths of suberin and wax compounds and increased peridermal transpiration. Journal of Experimental Botany 60 , 697-707.Millar, A.A., Clemens, S., Zachgo, S., Giblin, E.M., Taylor, D.C., and Kunst, L. (1999). CUT1, an Arabidopsis gene required for cuticular wax biosynthesis and pollen fertility, encodes a very-long-chain fatty acid condensing enzyme. Plant Cell 11 , 825-838.Fiebig, A., Mayfield, J.A., Miley, N.L., Chau, S., Fischer, R.L., and Preuss, D. (2000). Alterations in CER6, a gene identical to CUT1, differentially affect long-chain lipid content on the surface of pollen and stems. Plant Cell 12 , 2001-2008.Trenkamp, S., Martin, W., and Tietjen, K. (2004). Specific and differential inhibition of very-long-chain fatty acid elongases from Arabidopsis thaliana by different herbicides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 , 11903-11908.Franke, R., Hofer, R., Briesen, I., Emsermann, M., Efremova, N., Yephremov, A., and Schreiber, L. (2009). The DAISY gene from Arabidopsis encodes a fatty acid elongase condensing enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of aliphatic suberin in roots and the chalaza-micropyle region of seeds. Plant J. 57 , 80-95.Qin, Y.M., Hu, C.Y., Pang, Y., Kastaniotis, A.J., Hiltunen, J.K., and Zhu, Y.X. (2007). Saturated very-long-chain fatty acids promote cotton fiber and Arabidopsis cell elongation by activating ethylene biosynthesis. Plant Cell 19 , 3692-3704.Leide, J., Hildebrandt, U., Reussing, K., Riederer, M., and Vogg, G. (2007). The developmental pattern of tomato fruit wax accumulation and its impact on cuticular transpiration barrier properties: Effects of a deficiency in a beta-ketoacyl-coenzyme A synthase (LeCER6). Plant Physiology 144 , 1667-1679.
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Protein family of 21 members-Root but not seed suberin phenotype. Other family members may have redundant functions. Double mutant of kcs2,kcs20 results in 15-20% reduction in cuticular wax. STKCS6 homology to both AtKCS6 and AtKCS5 is similar; it cannot unambiguously be assumed that StKCS6 is the potato orthologue of AtKCS6.
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Data
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KCS3
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Endomembrane
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1 Ref
Suh, M.C., Samuels, A.L., Jetter, R., Kunst, L., Pollard, M., Ohlrogge, J., and Beisson, F. (2005). Cuticular lipid composition, surface structure, and gene expression in Arabidopsis stem epidermis. Plant Physiol. 139 , 1649-1665.
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Upregulated in epidermis of stems
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Data
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KCS4
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Endomembrane
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Mutant Char.
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1 Ref
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Preferentially root expressed; protein family of 21 members; other family members may have redundant functions.
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Data
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KCS5 / CER60
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Endomembrane
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Mutant Char.; Heterol Exp'n.; potato StKCS6-RNAi characterization; seq. similarity to AtKSC5
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5 Refs
Trenkamp, S., Martin, W., and Tietjen, K. (2004). Specific and differential inhibition of very-long-chain fatty acid elongases from Arabidopsis thaliana by different herbicides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 , 11903-11908.Fiebig, A., Mayfield, J.A., Miley, N.L., Chau, S., Fischer, R.L., and Preuss, D. (2000). Alterations in CER6, a gene identical to CUT1, differentially affect long-chain lipid content on the surface of pollen and stems. Plant Cell 12 , 2001-2008.Serra, O., Soler, M., Hohn, C., Franke, R., Schreiber, L., Prat, S., Molinas, M., and Figueras, M. (2009). Silencing of StKCS6 in potato periderm leads to reduced chain lengths of suberin and wax compounds and increased peridermal transpiration. Journal of Experimental Botany 60 , 697-707.Suh, M.C., Samuels, A.L., Jetter, R., Kunst, L., Pollard, M., Ohlrogge, J., and Beisson, F. (2005). Cuticular lipid composition, surface structure, and gene expression in Arabidopsis stem epidermis. Plant Physiol. 139 , 1649-1665.Hooker, T.S., Millar, A.A., and Kunst, L. (2002). Significance of the expression of the CER6 condensing enzyme for cuticular wax production in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 129 , 1568-1580.
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STKCS6 homology to both AtKCS6 and AtKCS5 is similar; it cannot unambiguously be assumed that StKCS6 is the potato orthologue of AtKCS5; Upregulated in epidermis of stems;
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Data
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KCS6 / CER6 / CUT1
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Endomembrane
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Mutant Char.
Potato StKCS6-RNAi characterization; Arabidopsis mutant analysis (wax phenotype)
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3 Refs
Fiebig, A., Mayfield, J.A., Miley, N.L., Chau, S., Fischer, R.L., and Preuss, D. (2000). Alterations in CER6, a gene identical to CUT1, differentially affect long-chain lipid content on the surface of pollen and stems. Plant Cell 12 , 2001-2008.Millar, A.A., Clemens, S., Zachgo, S., Giblin, E.M., Taylor, D.C., and Kunst, L. (1999). CUT1, an Arabidopsis gene required for cuticular wax biosynthesis and pollen fertility, encodes a very-long-chain fatty acid condensing enzyme. Plant Cell 11 , 825-838.Hooker, T.S., Millar, A.A., and Kunst, L. (2002). Significance of the expression of the CER6 condensing enzyme for cuticular wax production in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 129 , 1568-1580.
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Protein family of 21 members-Root but not seed suberin phenotype. Other family members may have redundant functions. Double mutant of kcs2,kcs20 results in 15-20% reduction in cuticular wax. STKCS6 homology to both AtKCS6 and AtKCS5 is similar; it cannot unambiguously be assumed that StKCS6 is the potato orthologue of AtKCS6.
,Cuticular wax and fertility defect in mutants due to loss of pollen coat lipids.
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Data
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KCS7
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Endomembrane
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Data
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KCS8
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Endomembrane
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Data
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KCS9
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Endomembrane
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Mutant Char.; Comple. of yeast mutant
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3 Refs
Kim, J., Jung, J.H., Lee, S.B., Go, Y.S., Kim, H.J., Cahoon, R., Markham, J.E., Cahoon, E.B., and Suh, M.C. (2013). Arabidopsis 3-Ketoacyl-Coenzyme A Synthase9 Is Involved in the Synthesis of Tetracosanoic Acids as Precursors of Cuticular Waxes, Suberins, Sphingolipids, and Phospholipids. Plant Physiology 162 ,567-580.Blacklock, B.J., and Jaworski, J.G. (2006). Substrate specificity of Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 346 , 583-590.Suh, M.C., Samuels, A.L., Jetter, R., Kunst, L., Pollard, M., Ohlrogge, J., and Beisson, F. (2005). Cuticular lipid composition, surface structure, and gene expression in Arabidopsis stem epidermis. Plant Physiol. 139 , 1649-1665.
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Highly expressed ; upregulated in epidermis of stems;
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Data
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KCS10 / FDH
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Endomembrane (proteomics)
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Mutant Char.
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2 Refs
Yephremov, A., Wisman, E., Huijser, P., Huijser, C., Wellesen, K., and Saedler, H. (1999). Characterization of the FIDDLEHEAD gene of Arabidopsis reveals a link between adhesion response and cell differentiation in the epidermis. Plant Cell 11 , 2187-2201.Pruitt, R.E., Vielle-Calzada, J.P., Ploense, S.E., Grossniklaus, U., and Lolle, S.J. (2000). FIDDLEHEAD, a gene required to suppress epidermal cell interactions in Arabidopsis, encodes a putative lipid biosynthetic enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 , 1311-1316.
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Possible that FDH not directly involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis
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Data
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KCS11
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Endomembrane
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Data
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KCS12
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Endomembrane
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1 Ref
Suh, M.C., Samuels, A.L., Jetter, R., Kunst, L., Pollard, M., Ohlrogge, J., and Beisson, F. (2005). Cuticular lipid composition, surface structure, and gene expression in Arabidopsis stem epidermis. Plant Physiol. 139 , 1649-1665.
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Upregulated in epidermis of stems
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Data
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KCS13 / HIC
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Endomembrane
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Mutant Char.
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1 Ref
Gray, J.E., Holroyd, G.H., van der Lee, F.M., Bahrami, A.R., Sijmons, P.C., Woodward, F.I., Schuch, W., and Heterington, A.M. (2000). The HIC signalling pathway links CO2 perception to stomatal development. Nature 408 , 713-716.
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Involved in control of stomate numbers at high CO2 concentrations; no evidence of role in cuticular wax biosynthesis
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Data
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KCS14
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Endomembrane
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Data
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KCS15
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Endomembrane
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Data
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KCS16
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Endomembrane
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Data
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KCS17
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Endomembrane
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Mutant Char.; Heterol Exp'n.
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2 Refs
Trenkamp, S., Martin, W., and Tietjen, K. (2004). Specific and differential inhibition of very-long-chain fatty acid elongases from Arabidopsis thaliana by different herbicides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 , 11903-11908.Lee, S.B., Jung, S.J., Go, Y.S., Kim, H.U., Kim, J.K., Cho, H.J., Park, O.K., and Suh, M.C. (2009). Two Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl CoA synthase genes, KCS20 and KCS2/DAISY, are functionally redundant in cuticular wax and root suberin biosynthesis, but differentially controlled by osmotic stress. Plant Journal 60 ,462-475.
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No indication of role in cuticular wax biosynthesis
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Data
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KCS18 / FAE1
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Endomembrane
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Mutant Char.; Heterol Exp'n.
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4 Refs
Trenkamp, S., Martin, W., and Tietjen, K. (2004). Specific and differential inhibition of very-long-chain fatty acid elongases from Arabidopsis thaliana by different herbicides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 , 11903-11908.Millar, A.A., and Kunst, L. (2003). Very?long?chain fatty acid biosynthesis is controlled through the expression and specificity of the condensing enzyme. The Plant Journal 12 , 121-131.Millar, A.A., and Kunst, L. (1997). Very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis is controlled through the expression and specificity of the condensing enzyme. Plant Journal 12 ,121-131.James, D.W., Lim, E., Keller, J., Plooy, I., Ralston, E., and Dooner, H.K. (1995). Directed Tagging of the Arabidopsis Fatty-Acid Elongation-1 (Fae1) Gene with the Maize Transposon Activator. Plant Cell 7 , 309-319.
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Seed-specific KCS; no role in cuticular wax production
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Data
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KCS19
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Endomembrane
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Data
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KCS20
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Endomembrane
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Mutant Char.; Heterol Exp'n.; Comple. of yeast mutant
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3 Refs
Trenkamp, S., Martin, W., and Tietjen, K. (2004). Specific and differential inhibition of very-long-chain fatty acid elongases from Arabidopsis thaliana by different herbicides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 , 11903-11908.Lee, S.B., Jung, S.J., Go, Y.S., Kim, H.U., Kim, J.K., Cho, H.J., Park, O.K., and Suh, M.C. (2009). Two Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl CoA synthase genes, KCS20 and KCS2/DAISY, are functionally redundant in cuticular wax and root suberin biosynthesis, but differentially controlled by osmotic stress. Plant Journal 60 ,462-475.Suh, M.C., Samuels, A.L., Jetter, R., Kunst, L., Pollard, M., Ohlrogge, J., and Beisson, F. (2005). Cuticular lipid composition, surface structure, and gene expression in Arabidopsis stem epidermis. Plant Physiol. 139 , 1649-1665.
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Double mutant of kcs2 kcs20 results in 15-20% reduction in cuticular wax; also a suberin-associated KCS; Highly expressed ; upregulated in epidermis of stems; reduced suberin monomers in kcs2 and kcs20 double mutant
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Data
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KCS21
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Endomembrane
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extracellular cuticle-localized
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Mutant Char.; Heterol Exp'n.; Comple. of yeast mutant
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2 Refs
Yeats, T.H., Martin, L.B., Viart, H.M., Isaacson, T., He, Y., Zhao, L., Matas, A.J., Buda, G.J., Domozych, D.S., Clausen, M.H., and Rose, J.K. (2012). The identification of cutin synthase: formation of the plant polyester cutin. Nat. Chem. Biol. 8 , 609-611.Girard, A.L., Mounet, F., Lemaire-Chamley, M., Gaillard, C., Elmorjani, K., Vivancos, J., Runavot, J.L., Quemener, B., Petit, J., Germain, V., Rothan, C., Marion, D., and Bakan, B. (2012). Tomato GDSL1 Is Required for Cutin Deposition in the Fruit Cuticle. Plant Cell. 24 , 3119-3134.
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Function shown in tomato cutin assembly.
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